Data were collected from a sample of adolescents and adults aged between 17-40 years from four regions in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and concurrent validity were reported. The authors have indicated that future research should address confirmatory factor analysis of the scale.

This work seems to suggest that to achieve a more peaceful society, the ability of parents to raise their children by adopting an authoritative style should be taken into account and – if needed – enhanced. Understanding the developmental pathways that can influence individuals to consistently choose peace is important to promote a stable culture of peace across several levels of observation.

Results confirmed existing evidence: Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience are associated with peace attitudes. We also observed associations with Emotional Stability and Agreeableness. Gender plays a role too: Female subjects scores higher on all subscales except for the Personal Well-Being factor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)

The aims of this chapter are: a) to give an overview of existing literature on the antecedents of peace choices and attitudes; b) to evaluate the peace choice with reference to both top-down (controlled) and bottom-up (automatic) cognitive processes; and c) to list and describe some of the most influential interventions devised to promote peace choices among individuals, groups, communities and nations. The conclusions are discussed in the light of peace education choices related to both controlled and automatic processes.