The recent resurgence of interest in the analgesic potential ofpsychedelics has been driven by qualitative and survey studies,which have shown that individuals suffering from chronic painconditions, such as cluster headaches, reported improvementswhen using both high and low, non-hallucinogenic doses ofpsychedelics like LSD and psilocybin

Macrodoses, while less often used for analgesic purposes than microdoses, were reported to induce a higher level of pain relief than both microdoses and conventional pain medications (including opioids and cannabis). Although the effects were weaker and potentially more prone to expectation bias than with macrodoses, our results also suggested some benefits of psychedelics in microdoses for pain management.

The aim is to construct a picture of what models of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy are currently adopted in clinical research and to report on their clinical outcomes. Ad-hoc and adapted therapeutic methods were identified. Common principles, points of divergence and future directions are highlighted and discussed with special attention toward therapeutic stance, degree of directiveness and the potential suggestive effects of information provided to patients.

The present work aims at summarising the state of knowledge and at highlighting relevant areas that are instrumental to the understanding and advancement of research in the field. After an introduction aimed at explaining what psychedelics are and how they work, we will discuss their suggested mechanism of action, the importance of the blinding problem in modern age RCTs.

Results showed that, after an exploratory factor analysis, 5 domains appeared to be relevant: Sociopolitical, Personal Well-Being, Ease With Diversity, Environmental Attitude, and Caring. The PAS can be used to further assess the relationship between peace and other relevant variables. More research is needed first to confirm the validity of PAS and second to test its usefulness in educational and social settings.

Data were collected from a sample of adolescents and adults aged between 17-40 years from four regions in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and concurrent validity were reported. The authors have indicated that future research should address confirmatory factor analysis of the scale.